Dental Hygiene is a method of caring the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, gingivitis, dental cavities, bad breath and periodontal (gum) diseases. Teeth cleaning mean the removal of dental plaque and tartar from teeth to prevent cavities, gum disease, gingivitis and tooth decay. Poor hygiene of mouth, particularly gum disease increases the risk of heart stroke, uncontrolled diabetes and preterm labor. Vincent infection is a terrible disease of the mouth characterized by gray ulceration of the mucous membrane, bleeding of gums, foul odor to the breath etc.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the treatment of issues related to hard and soft tissues of face, mouth and jaws.  Maxillofacial surgeons set a strong base for cosmetic and restorative dental work which includes placing of dental implants, providing medication for obstructive sleep apnea, facial pain and infection, biopsies, removal of lesions, diagnosis and treatment of some oral cancers. It includes treatment of facial injuries, head and neck cancers, salivary gland diseases, facial disproportion, facial pain, impacted teeth, cysts and tumors of the jaws along with numerous problems affecting the oral mucosa like mouth ulcers and infections. Major types of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeries are:

Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry focuses mostly on prevention, diagnosing and treating the diseases of gum and its periodontal tissues that results in attachment loss and destruction of alveolar bone. Periodontal treatments includes Tartar (calculus) and plaque removal beneath the gums, Medication and Surgery. Periodontics is first treated by special cleaning called “Peri-odontal cleaning” along with some medications to remove the plaque and tartar deposits. if it doesn’t cured then goes to surgery method which allows dentists to access areas under gums and roots where the tartar and plaque is accumulated. This reduces the pockets and repair caused by progressing disease. Different types of periodontal disease include:

Orthodotics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics is the specialty of dentistry that focuses on the alignment of the teeth and the dental arches: the maxilla and the mandible. This deals with the problems of teeth that are crowded or too far apart, teeth that meet abnormally or don’t meet at all, and teeth that stick out, and mismatched jaws. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics, is previously called as orthodontia, is a field of dentistry that concerned with the diagnosing, preventing and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws. For the younger patients, the jaw bones are still forming, it is easier to control bone growth and tooth movement. However for the elder patients this process involves surgery. The most common orthodontic appliance is fixed braces. 

Pediatric Dentistry is a branch of dentistry deals with children from their birth to teens. It is recommended to visit dentist for every 6months after the child got the first tooth.  Prevention, treating and educating parents are the major areas of pediatric dentists, as well as the best ways to treat children. This topic lets you know good oral hygiene for kids, children eating habits and what parents should do to protect the children’s tooth and gums. The general precaution is parents should try to make their children stay away from sugar rich foods as well as children should not go to bed after having a juice or milk. Different types of therapeutics include

Geriatric dentistry deals with the older adults dental care which involves diagnosing, preventing, managing and treating of problems associated with age related diseases.  Different problems include gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems often decrease in efficiency, and these impacts upon the entire body, including oral health. The common oral changes in the aged people are tooth loss, dental caries, periodontitis, dry mouth and oral cancer.  Palliative care comes into play when the patient’s disease is not responding to the treatment. Maintaining proper oral hygiene will be a difficult task for sick and critical condition patients, hence the main goal of dentist in palliative team should focus on oral comfort which comprise maintenance of oral hygiene, wipe out painful conditions like mucositis, infectious diseases, and ulcerative conditions of oral cavity.

Restorative dentistry deals with diagnosing and managing the diseases of teeth, its supporting structures and the healing of the dentition to practical and inventive requirements of the individual. It encompasses the dental specialities of endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics and its foundation is based upon how these interact in cases where composite care is needed.  The ultimate outcome of dental cavities is resolved by the balance between pathological factors that leads to demineralization and protective factors that leads to remineralization.

Endodontics is the specialty of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the dental pulp along with associated periradicular conditions. Endodontic treatment removes the diseased pulp, clean and shape the root canal system, disinfect the contaminated root canals, and then fill the root canal system to block re-infection and stimulate periradicular healing. 

Dental implant is similar to tooth root which is surgically positioned on the jawbone below the gum line that let your dentist to set a replacement tooth. It makes you feel like a normal tooth, easier to speak and eat due to a titanium post secured directly in the jaw holds the implant in place. Dental implant risk includes Infection at the implant site, damage to surrounding structures, such as other teeth or blood vessels. Nerve damages causes pain, insensibility in your natural teeth, gums, lips or chin. Complications associated with dental implant are Screw loosening, Screw fracture, Cement failure, Fracture of veneering porcelain, Fracture of the framework in implant supported fixed partial dentures, Adverse soft tissue reactions and so on.

Dental materials are specially designed materials, in dentistry which includes Temporary dressings, Cements and Impression Materials used for protecting pulp canal, bond indirect restorations such as crowns to the natural tooth surface, and to build positive representation of teeth using negative imprints of the teeth and oral soft tissues.

Cosmetic dentistry is generally works to improve the appearance of teeth, gums and bite. It majorly focuses on improving the dental aesthetics in colour, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance. Common cosmetic dentistry options includes

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  Adding of a dental material to teeth or gums – examples: bonding, porcelain veneers (laminates), crowns (caps), gum grafts


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  Removing of tooth structure or gums – examples: enameloplasty, gingivectomy


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  Not using dental material to tooth structure, or gums – examples: teeth whitening (bleaching), laser whitening, gum depigmentation


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  straightening of teeth followed by improvement in face appearance– orthodontics

Dental tools allow dentists to examine, manipulate, treat, restore and remove teeth and surrounding oral structures. Digital technoogies has widened the scope of dental procedures and treatments which enables dentists to offer patients an advanced choices like ”Laser dentistry”, “Esthetic dentistry”, “Digital dentistry” and “Implant dentistry”. Digital dentistry tools and techniques include the Laser applications, Dental implants and occlusal analysis, Forensic dentistry, Dental radiography, Robotic dentistry, and Imaging techniques for the craniofacial hard and soft tissues. Below are the different types of tools.

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  Examination instruments


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  Retractors


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  Dental laser


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  Dental torque wrench


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  Restorative instruments


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  Burnishers


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  Pluggers


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  Periodontal instruments


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  Prosthodontic instruments


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  Extraction / Surgical instruments


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  Orthodontic instruments


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  Endodontic instruments

Dental Anaesthesiology we used earlier is nitrogen oxide and ether to control the pain of tooth. This allows millions of patients to undergo painless surgery, but not all.  Dental Anaesthesiology includes:

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  Local Anaesthesia: The most local anaesthesia is lidocaine. Its half-life in the body is about 1.5 to 2hrs. This controls bleeding in the tissue during procedures 


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  Maxillary Anaesthesia: Local anaesthesia is deposited at the buccal (cheek) side of the maxillary alveolus which can diffuse through the thin cortical plate of the maxilla, then further into the pulp of the tooth in order to get dental anaesthesia effect.


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  Mandibular Anaesthesia: The technique to be used is choosen based on the patient’s age and tooth to be anaesthetised. Regional block or Infiltration technique is used here

Oral cancer or mouth cancer is the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. Oral Cancer can occur anywhere in the mouth. Oral Oncology means treating of Oral tumors.  Removal of tumor through surgery involves taking out the tumor and a margin of healthy tissues around it. Treatment is based on the type of tumor. If it is small tumor it requires minor surgery whereas the large tumor requires the jaw or the tongue to be removed along with tumors. Surgical complications include eating problems, Speaking problems, and food going in wrong way leading to the lung diseases. This session discusses about different stages and tests involved in diagnosing cancer and preventive measures for it. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor. Common treatment options include:

This topic deals with ongoing research in Dentistry that covers an evaluation, diagnosing, treatment and prevention of different kinds of diseases and conditions of the soft and hard tissues of the jaw, oral cavity, maxillofacial area and adjacent and associated structures and its impact on the human body. The major focus of researches is on treating different dental problems through different analytical procedures, tests and techniques. Topics include:

• Dental Anatomy
• Dental Epidemiology
• Dental Health
• Oral Care
• Dental Hygiene
• Dental Implant
• Dental Trauma
• Dental Surgery
• Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
• Dental Treatment 

Nanotechnology has a potential to bring enormous changes in the field of Dentistry. Nanomaterials are those whose size is <10nm.

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  Local Nanoanaesthesia: A colloidal suspension includes millions of dental nanorobots would be used to induce local anaesthesia. It reduces apprehension and is fast and totally reversible.


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  Hypersensitivity cure:  Nanorobots uses local organic materials which could result in effective blockage of particular tubules, resulting in rapid and stable treatment.


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  Tooth Repositioning: periodontal tissues like the gingiva, periodontal aligament, cementum and alveolar bone, may be directed by orthodontic Nanorobots leads to swift and pain free corrective movements.


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  Dentifrobots: Mouthwashes and Tooth pastes contain dentifrobots that would clean all  gingival surfaces regularly. They would breakdown all the harmful materials into harmless substances.


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  Nanotherapeutics: Nanotechnology will eliminate the solubility problems, lead to a reduction in the dosage of drug and reduce the adverse effects.


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  Diagnosing oral cancer: Nanoscale cantilevers, in which elastic beams used to attach with cancer linked molecules

Digital dentistry is the use of digital technology to perform dental mechanisms using computer controlled components. It replaces the use of electrical and mechanical tools in the field of dentistry through innovative methods. Most widely used digital solutions are Intraoral cameras, Digital Radiography, Digital Fabrication and Digital Scanning and milling. Digital scanning and milling allows optical scanning and 3D imaging within hours of tooth preparation. This technique enhances the doctors to eliminate the inaccuracies by providing faster results which in turn cuts off the extra time and cost in dental procedures.

3D imaging is a technology that allows dentist to see detailed 3 dimensional images of the teeth, bones as well as soft tissues surrounding them. It takes 600 slices of information about your mouth, and then special software assembles this into three dimensional views. The general cases of using 3D imaging is:

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  Accurate placement of implants


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  Determining if a root canal is your best treatment option


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  Planning for extractions, especially of impacted teeth


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  Evaluation of your sinuses


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  Sleep apnea


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  Fractures


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  Diagnosing TMJ issues


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  Getting to the bottom of undiagnosed pain

Dental sleep medicine focuses on the use of oral appliances to treat sleep-disordered breathing, includes snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). These customized sleep apnea oral appliances are made by dentists using a plastic-like mold according to the specific shape of the patients mouth and teeth. They not only work on against the sleep apnea but also effective stop snoring. Sleep apnea is a potentially serious disorder in which breathing starts and stops repeatedly. If you snore loudly and feel tired even after having a full night’s sleep, you might have sleep apnea. Different types of sleep apnea are: